Analysis of the contributions of topographic,soil, and vegetation features on the spatial distributions of surface soil moisture in a steep natural forested headwater catchment          下载免费PDF全文

Wei‐Li Liang  Sheng‐Lun Li  Feng‐Xu Hung 《水文研究》2017,31(22):3796-3809

Surface soil moisture has been extensively studied for various land uses and landforms. Although many studies have reported potential factors that control surface soil moisture over space or time, the findings have not always been consistent, indicating a need for identification of the main factors. This study focused on the static controls of topographic, soil, and vegetation features on surface soil moisture in a steep natural forested headwater catchment consisting of three hillslope units of a gully area, side slope, and valley‐head slope. Using a simple correlation analysis to investigate the effects of the static factors on surface soil moisture at depths of 0–20 cm at 470 points in 13 surveys, we addressed the characteristics of surface soil moisture and its main controlling factors. The results indicated that the mean of surface soil moisture was in the decreasing order of gully area > valley‐head slope > side slope. The relationship between the mean and standard deviation of surface soil moisture showed a convex‐upward shape in the headwater catchment, a negative curvilinear shape in the gully area, and positive curvilinear shapes at the side and valley‐head slopes. At the headwater catchment and valley‐head slope, positive contributions of soil porosity and negative contributions of slope gradient and saturated hydraulic conductivity were the main controlling factors of surface soil moisture under wetter conditions, whereas positive contributions of topographic wetness index and negative contributions of vegetation density were the main controlling factors of surface soil moisture under drier conditions. At the side slope underlain by fractured bedrocks, only saturated hydraulic conductivity and vegetation density were observed to be the controlling factors. Surface soil moisture in the gully area was mainly affected by runoff rather than were static features. Thus, using hillslope units is effective for approximately estimating the hydrological behaviours of surface moisture on a larger scale, whereas dependency between the main static factors and moisture conditions is helpful for estimating the spatial distributions of surface moisture on a smaller scale.  相似文献   

Do paleoclimate proxies agree? A test comparing 19 late Holocene climate and sea‐ice reconstructions from Icelandic marine and lake sediments     

Yarrow Axford  Camilla S. Andresen  John T. Andrews  Simon T. Belt  Áslaug Geirsdóttir  Guillaume Massé  Gifford H. Miller  Sædís Ólafsdóttir  Lindsay L. Vare 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(6):645-656

Geochemical, mineralogical and biological indicators preserved in sediments are widely used to reconstruct past climate change, but proxies differ in the degree to which their utility as climate indicators has been validated via laboratory experiments, modern spatial calibrations, or down‐core comparisons with instrumental climate data. Multi‐proxy studies provide another means of evaluating interpretations of proxies. This paper presents a multi‐proxy assessment comparing 19 sub‐centennially resolved late Holocene proxy records, covering the period 300–1900 AD, from seven Icelandic marine and lacustrine core sites. We employ simple statistical comparisons between proxy reconstructions to evaluate their correlations over time and, ultimately, their utility as proxies for regional climate. Proxies examined include oxygen isotopic composition of benthic and planktonic foraminifera, abundance of the sea‐ice biomarker IP₂₅, allochthonous quartz in marine sediments (a proxy for drift ice around Iceland), marine carbonate abundance, total organic carbon concentration, chironomid assemblages, lacustrine biogenic silica and carbon/nitrogen ratios in lake sediments. Most of the examined proxy records, including temperature and sea‐ice proxies, correlate strongly with each other over multi‐centennial timescales, and thus do appear to record changes in regional climate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Analysis of shaft resistance of jacked piles in sands     

Rodrigo Salgado 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(15):1605-1635

In recent years, pile jacking has become a viable alternative installation method for displacement piles. Pile jacking produces minimal noise, vibration and air pollution during installation. In addition, it is possible, at the end of jacking, to have a good estimate of the ultimate static capacity of the pile. In this paper, the shaft resistance of piles jacked into sand is studied using one‐dimensional finite element analysis. The finite element simulations, using a two‐surface plasticity model, demonstrate the effects of relative density and confinement on the unit shaft resistance of piles jacked in sand. The impact of the number of jacking strokes on the unit shaft capacity is also assessed. Based on the numerical results, we developed equations for shaft resistance quantifying the effects of relative density, initial confinement and number of jacking strokes. Predictions using these equations are compared with data obtained from centrifuge tests and field tests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of the Soil Heat Flux Estimates on Surface Energy BalanceClosure over a Semi-Arid Grassland          下载免费PDF全文

YUE Ping  ZHANG Qiang  NIU Shengjie  CHENG Hu  WANG Xiyu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(6):774-782

Soil heat flux is important for surface energy balance (SEB), and inaccurate estimation of soil heat flux often leads to surface energy imbalance. In this paper, by using observations of surface radiation fluxes and soil temperature gradients at a semi-arid grassland in Xilingguole, Inner Mongolia, China from June to September 2008, the characters of the SEB for the semi-arid grassland were analyzed. Firstly, monthly averaged diurnal variations of SEB components were revealed. A 30-min forward phase displacement of soil heat flux (G) observed by a fluxplate at the depth of 5-cm below the soil surface was conducted and its effect on the SEB was studied. Secondly, the surface soil heat flux (Gs) was computed by using harmonic analysis and the effect of the soil heat storage between the surface and the fluxplate on the SEB was examined. The results show that with the 30-min forward phase displacement of observed G, the slope of the ordinary linear regression (OLR) of turbulent fluxes (H+LE) against available energy (Rn–G) increased from 0.835 to 0.842, i.e., the closure ratio of SEB increased by 0.7%, yet energy imclosure of 15.8% still existed in the SEB. When Gs, instead of G was used in the SEB equation, the slope of corresponding OLR of (H+LE) against (Rn–Gs) reached 0.979, thereby the imclosure ratio of SEB was reduced to only 2.1%.  相似文献   

A modified global model for predicting the tritium distribution in precipitation, 1960–2005     

Yanhong Zhang  Shujun Ye  Jichun Wu 《水文研究》2011,25(15):2379-2392

A modified global model for predicting the tritium concentration in precipitation has been developed using the dataset of International Atomic Energy Agency/the World Meteorological Organization (IAEA/WMO) over the period from 1960 to 2005. The tritium concentration in precipitation and its history can be estimated at any location using the model. The modified global model of tritium in precipitation (MGMTP) here presented has higher accuracy than the global model of tritium in precipitation (GMTP) developed by Doney et al. ( 1992 ). The new model is not only more appropriate for a particular station but also applicable for the un‐normalized observations directly. Another advantage of MGMTP is that it can estimate a longer history (from 1960 to 2005) of tritium content in precipitation than GMTP (from 1960 to 1986). The seasonal cycle of tritium in precipitation has also been modelled in the form of a simple cosine function with five parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Quantifying the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff from the Laohahe basin in northern China using three different methods     

Shanhu Jiang  Liliang Ren  Bin Yong  V. P. Singh  Xiaoli Yang  Fei Yuan 《水文研究》2011,25(16):2492-2505

Much attention has recently been focused on the effects that climate variability and human activities have had on runoff. In this study, these effects are quantified using three methods, namely, multi‐regression, hydrologic sensitivity analysis, and hydrologic model simulation. A conceptual framework is defined to separate the effects. As an example, the change in annual runoff from the semiarid Laohahe basin (18 112 km²) in northern China was investigated. Non‐parametric Mann‐Kendall test, Pettitt test, and precipitation‐runoff double cumulative curve method were adopted to identify the trends and change‐points in the annual runoff from 1964 to 2008 by first dividing the long‐term runoff series into a natural period (1964–1979) and a human‐induced period (1980–2008). Then the three quantifying methods were calibrated and calculated, and they provided consistent estimates of the percentage change in mean annual runoff for the human‐induced period. In 1980–2008, human activities were the main factors that reduced runoff with contributions of 89–93%, while the reduction percentages due to changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration only ranged from 7 to 11%. For the various effects at different durations, human activities were the main reasons runoff decreased during the two drier periods of 1980–1989 and 2000–2008. Increased runoff during the wetter period of 1990–1999 is mainly attributed to climate variability. This study quantitatively separates the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff, which can serve as a reference for regional water resources assessment and management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil     

Lianyang Zhang  Saeed Ahmari 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(2):201-220

This article presents a method for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. The method considers the force and the moment equilibrium to derive the system equations for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. The system equations are then solved using an iteration scheme to obtain the response of the pile. The method considers the nonlinear variation of the ultimate lateral soil resistance with depth and uses a new closed‐form expression proposed in this article to determine the lateral bearing factor. The method also considers the horizontal shear resistance at the pile base, and a bilinear relationship between the shear resistance and the displacement is used. For simplicity, the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant with depth, which is applicable to piles in overconsolidated clay. The nonlinearity of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing its results with those of 3D finite element analysis. The applications of the developed method to analyze five field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results. The developed method offers an alternative approach for simple and effective analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Geo‐Data Science: Leveraging Geoscience Research with Geoinformatics,Semantics and Open Data     

Xiaogang MA 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(Z3):44-47

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东天山某金矿点原生晕分析及找矿预测          下载免费PDF全文

李玉坤  李广  杨彩龙  王辰皓 《地质找矿论丛》2019,34(4):613-618

文章基于对东天山某金矿点的元素背景分析和R型聚类分析发现,区内的金元素是区域背景值的52.33倍,变异系数为1.03,呈强富集、极不均匀分布,这表明区内金元素离散程度高,迁移、富集成矿的能力强;根据原生晕分带特征及分带模式,对12勘探线剖面深部矿体进行了预测靶区圈定。  相似文献   

岩石破裂过程中电磁辐射信号特征研究     

张雪娟  何明文  王红强 《物探化探计算技术》2019,(4):469-475

为了探索震前电磁异常现象的物理机制,许多研究注重于分析岩石破裂过程中产生的电磁辐射信号。对花岗岩样品进行单轴加载,变形直至破裂,记录整个过程中产生的电磁辐射(EME)和声发射(AE)信号,对比分析。这里主要从两个方面分析岩石破裂过程中EME信号的特征:①利用非广延分析方法分析EME的能量分布情况,并与b值分析方法对比,推断岩石破裂类型以及裂纹发育过程;②利用统一等待时间定标律分析EME的时间特征,期望获得岩石破裂过程中EME信号等待时间的分布规律。结果表明,在拟合AE和EME信号的能量分布曲线时,发现b值只能拟合AE部分数据,完全不能拟合EME数据,而非广延参数q可以很好地拟合这两类信号。通过对比分析AE和EME信号的等待时间概率密度的分布情况,发现EME信号的集成效果相对较差,可能不满足统一等待时间定标律。  相似文献